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Nuclear and Radiochemistry


Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Fundamentals and Applications
3. Aufl.

von: Jens-Volker Kratz, Karl Heinrich Lieser

322,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 15.08.2013
ISBN/EAN: 9783527653362
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 938

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Beschreibungen

The third edition of this classic in the field is completely updated and revised with approximately 30% new content so as to include the latest developments.<br /><br />The handbook and ready reference comprehensively covers nuclear and radiochemistry in a well-structured and readily accessible manner, dealing with the theory and fundamentals in the first half, followed by chapters devoted to such specific topics as nuclear energy and reactors, radiotracers, and radionuclides in the life sciences. The result is a valuable resource for both newcomers as well as established scientists in the field.<br />
<p>Preface xi</p> <p><b>Volume 1</b></p> <p><b>1 Fundamental Concepts </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1 The Atom 2</p> <p>1.2 Atomic Processes 2</p> <p>1.3 Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus 4</p> <p>1.4 Nuclear Decay Types 6</p> <p>1.5 Some Physical Concepts Needed in Nuclear Chemistry 11</p> <p>1.5.1 Fundamental Forces 11</p> <p>1.5.2 Elements from Classical Mechanics 12</p> <p>1.5.3 Relativistic Mechanics 12</p> <p>1.5.4 The de Broglie Wavelength 14</p> <p>1.5.5 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 15</p> <p>1.5.6 The Standard Model of Particle Physics 16</p> <p>1.5.7 Force Carriers 19</p> <p>Reference 20</p> <p>Further Reading 20</p> <p><b>2 Radioactivity in Nature </b><b>23</b></p> <p>2.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 23</p> <p>2.2 Radioactive Substances in Nature 26</p> <p>References 30</p> <p>Further Reading 30</p> <p><b>3 Radioelements and Radioisotopes and Their Atomic Masses </b><b>33</b></p> <p>3.1 Periodic Table of the Elements 33</p> <p>3.2 Isotopes and the Chart of Nuclides 34</p> <p>3.3 Nuclide Masses and Binding Energies 39</p> <p>3.4 Evidence for Shell Structure in Nuclei 47</p> <p>3.5 Precision Mass Spectrometry 49</p> <p>References 55</p> <p>Further Reading 55</p> <p><b>4 Other Physical Properties of Nuclei </b><b>57</b></p> <p>4.1 Nuclear Radii 57</p> <p>4.2 Nuclear Angular Momenta 63</p> <p>4.3 Magnetic Dipole Moments 65</p> <p>4.4 Electric Quadrupole Moments 67</p> <p>4.5 Statistics and Parity 69</p> <p>4.6 Excited States 70</p> <p>References 71</p> <p>Further Reading 71</p> <p><b>5 The Nuclear Force and Nuclear Structure </b><b>73</b></p> <p>5.1 Nuclear Forces 73</p> <p>5.2 Charge Independence and Isospin 76</p> <p>5.3 Nuclear Matter 81</p> <p>5.4 Fermi Gas Model 82</p> <p>5.5 Shell Model 84</p> <p>5.6 Collective Motion in Nuclei 94</p> <p>5.7 Nilsson Model 101</p> <p>5.8 The Pairing Force and Quasi-Particles 104</p> <p>5.9 Macroscopic–Microscopic Model 106</p> <p>5.10 Interacting Boson Approximation 108</p> <p>5.11 Further Collective Excitations: Coulomb Excitation, High-Spin States, Giant Resonances 110</p> <p>References 117</p> <p>Further Reading 117</p> <p><b>6 Decay Modes </b><b>119</b></p> <p>6.1 Nuclear Instability and Nuclear Spectroscopy 119</p> <p>6.2 Alpha Decay 119</p> <p>6.2.1 Hindrance Factors 125</p> <p>6.2.2 Alpha-Decay Energies 126</p> <p>6.3 Cluster Radioactivity 126</p> <p>6.4 Proton Radioactivity 129</p> <p>6.5 Spontaneous Fission 132</p> <p>6.6 Beta Decay 148</p> <p>6.6.1 Fundamental Processes 148</p> <p>6.6.2 Electron Capture-to-Positron Ratios 158</p> <p>6.6.3 Nuclear Matrix Elements 160</p> <p>6.6.4 Parity Non-conservation 162</p> <p>6.6.5 Massive Vector Bosons 164</p> <p>6.6.6 Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa Matrix 165</p> <p>6.7 Electromagnetic Transitions 170</p> <p>6.7.1 Multipole Order and Selection Rules 172</p> <p>6.7.2 Transition Probabilities 174</p> <p>6.7.3 Internal Conversion Coefficients 179</p> <p>6.7.4 Angular Correlations 183</p> <p>References 186</p> <p>Further Reading 187</p> <p><b>7 Radioactive Decay Kinetics </b><b>189</b></p> <p>7.1 Law and Energy of Radioactive Decay 189</p> <p>7.2 Radioactive Equilibria 191</p> <p>7.3 Secular Radioactive Equilibrium 193</p> <p>7.4 Transient Radioactive Equilibrium 196</p> <p>7.5 Half-life of Mother Nuclide Shorter than Half-life of Daughter Nuclide 197</p> <p>7.6 Similar Half-lives 198</p> <p>7.7 Branching Decay 199</p> <p>7.8 Successive Transformations 200</p> <p>Reference 202</p> <p>Further Reading 203</p> <p><b>8 Nuclear Radiation </b><b>205</b></p> <p>8.1 General Properties 205</p> <p>8.2 Heavy Charged Particles (A ≥ 1) 207</p> <p>8.3 Beta Radiation 214</p> <p>8.4 Gamma Radiation 220</p> <p>8.5 Neutrons 227</p> <p>8.6 Short-lived Elementary Particles in Atoms and Molecules 232</p> <p>References 233</p> <p>Further Reading 234</p> <p><b>9 Measurement of Nuclear Radiation </b><b>235</b></p> <p>9.1 Activity and Counting Rate 235</p> <p>9.2 Gas-Filled Detectors 239</p> <p>9.2.1 Ionization Chambers 243</p> <p>9.2.2 Proportional Counters 244</p> <p>9.2.3 Geiger–Müller Counters 246</p> <p>9.3 Scintillation Detectors 248</p> <p>9.4 Semiconductor Detectors 250</p> <p>9.5 Choice of Detectors 256</p> <p>9.6 Spectrometry 259</p> <p>9.7 Determination of Absolute Disintegration Rates 262</p> <p>9.8 Use of Coincidence and Anticoincidence Circuits 263</p> <p>9.9 Low-Level Counting 263</p> <p>9.10 Neutron Detection and Measurement 264</p> <p>9.11 Track Detectors 266</p> <p>9.11.1 Photographic Emulsions and Autoradiography 266</p> <p>9.11.2 Dielectric Track Detectors 267</p> <p>9.11.3 Cloud Chambers 268</p> <p>9.11.4 Bubble Chambers 268</p> <p>9.11.5 Spark Chambers 269</p> <p>9.12 Detectors Used in Health Physics 269</p> <p>9.12.1 Portable Counters and Survey Meters 269</p> <p>9.12.2 Film Badges 270</p> <p>9.12.3 Pocket Ion Chambers 270</p> <p>9.12.4 Thermoluminescence Dosimeters 270</p> <p>9.12.5 Contamination Monitors 270</p> <p>9.12.6 Whole-Body Counters 271</p> <p>Reference 271</p> <p>Further Reading 271</p> <p><b>10 Statistical Considerations in Radioactivity Measurements </b><b>273</b></p> <p>10.1 Distribution of Random Variables 273</p> <p>10.2 Probability and Probability Distributions 275</p> <p>10.3 Maximum Likelihood 282</p> <p>10.4 Experimental Applications 283</p> <p>10.5 Statistics of Pulse-Height Distributions 285</p> <p>10.6 Setting Upper Limits When No Counts are Observed 287</p> <p>Further Reading 288</p> <p><b>11 Techniques in Nuclear Chemistry </b><b>289</b></p> <p>11.1 Special Aspects of the Chemistry of Radionuclides 289</p> <p>11.1.1 Short-Lived Radionuclides and the Role of Carriers 289</p> <p>11.1.2 Radionuclides of High Specific Activity 291</p> <p>11.1.3 Microamounts of Radioactive Substances 292</p> <p>11.1.4 Radiocolloids 297</p> <p>11.1.5 Tracer Techniques 299</p> <p>11.2 Target Preparation 300</p> <p>11.3 Measuring Beam Intensity and Fluxes 306</p> <p>11.4 Neutron Spectrum in Nuclear Reactors 308</p> <p>11.4.1 Thermal Neutrons 308</p> <p>11.4.2 Epithermal Neutrons and Resonances 310</p> <p>11.4.3 Reaction Rates in Thermal Reactors 311</p> <p>11.5 Production of Radionuclides 311</p> <p>11.5.1 Production in Nuclear Reactors 311</p> <p>11.5.2 Production by Accelerators 318</p> <p>11.5.3 Separation Techniques 324</p> <p>11.5.4 Radionuclide Generators 329</p> <p>11.6 Use of Recoil Momenta 331</p> <p>11.7 Preparation of Samples for Activity Measurements 336</p> <p>11.8 Determination of Half-Lives 337</p> <p>11.9 Decay-Scheme Studies 339</p> <p>11.10 In-Beam Nuclear Reaction Studies 342</p> <p>References 355</p> <p>Further Reading 357</p> <p><b>Volume 2</b></p> <p><b>12 Nuclear Reactions </b><b>361</b></p> <p>12.1 Collision Kinematics 362</p> <p>12.2 Coulomb Trajectories 364</p> <p>12.3 Cross-sections 368</p> <p>12.4 Elastic Scattering 372</p> <p>12.5 Elastic Scattering and Reaction Cross-section 379</p> <p>12.6 Optical Model 383</p> <p>12.7 Nuclear Reactions and Models 385</p> <p>12.7.1 Investigation of Nuclear Reactions 386</p> <p>12.7.2 Compound-Nucleus Model 386</p> <p>12.7.3 Precompound Decay 403</p> <p>12.7.4 Direct Reactions 404</p> <p>12.7.5 Photonuclear Reactions 407</p> <p>12.7.6 Fission 407</p> <p>12.7.7 High-Energy Reactions 418</p> <p>12.8 Nuclear Reactions Revisited with Heavy Ions 422</p> <p>12.8.1 Heavy-Ion Fusion Reactions 424</p> <p>12.8.2 Quasi-fission 434</p> <p>12.8.3 Deep Inelastic Collisions 440</p> <p>12.8.4 Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, the Phases of Nuclear Matter 457</p> <p>References 460</p> <p>Further Reading 462</p> <p><b>13 Chemical Effects of Nuclear Transmutations </b><b>465</b></p> <p>13.1 General Aspects 465</p> <p>13.2 Recoil Effects 466</p> <p>13.3 Excitation Effects 471</p> <p>13.4 Gases and Liquids 476</p> <p>13.5 Solids 479</p> <p>13.6 Szilard–Chalmers Reactions 482</p> <p>13.7 Recoil Labeling and Self-labeling 484</p> <p>References 485</p> <p>Further Reading 485</p> <p><b>14 Influence of Chemical Bonding on Nuclear Properties </b><b>487</b></p> <p>14.1 Survey 487</p> <p>14.2 Dependence of Half-Lives on Chemical Bonding 488</p> <p>14.3 Dependence of Radiation Emission on the Chemical Environment 490</p> <p>14.4 Mössbauer Spectrometry 499</p> <p>References 504</p> <p>Further Reading 505</p> <p><b>15 Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Fuel, and Fuel Cycles </b><b>507</b></p> <p>15.1 Energy Production by Nuclear Fission 507</p> <p>15.2 Nuclear Fuel and Fuel Cycles 512</p> <p>15.3 Production of Uranium and Uranium Compounds 517</p> <p>15.4 Fuel Elements 520</p> <p>15.5 Nuclear Reactors, Moderators, and Coolants 524</p> <p>15.6 The Chernobyl Accident 532</p> <p>15.7 Reprocessing 537</p> <p>15.8 Radioactive Waste 544</p> <p>15.9 The Natural Reactors at Oklo 551</p> <p>15.10 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactors 552</p> <p>15.11 Nuclear Explosives 554</p> <p>References 555</p> <p>Further Reading 555</p> <p><b>16 Sources of Nuclear Bombarding Particles </b><b>559</b></p> <p>16.1 Neutron Sources 559</p> <p>16.2 Neutron Generators 560</p> <p>16.3 Research Reactors 561</p> <p>16.4 Charged-Particle Accelerators 565</p> <p>16.4.1 Direct Voltage Accelerators 565</p> <p>16.4.2 Linear Accelerators 568</p> <p>16.4.3 Cyclotrons 570</p> <p>16.4.4 Synchrocyclotrons, Synchrotrons 574</p> <p>16.4.5 Radioactive Ion Beams 576</p> <p>16.4.6 Photon Sources 577</p> <p>References 578</p> <p>Further Reading 579</p> <p><b>17 Radioelements </b><b>581</b></p> <p>17.1 Natural and Artificial Radioelements 581</p> <p>17.2 Technetium and Promethium 585</p> <p>17.3 Production of Transuranic Elements 588</p> <p>17.3.1 Hot-Fusion Reactions 594</p> <p>17.3.2 Cold-Fusion Reactions 598</p> <p>17.3.3 48Ca-Induced Fusion Reactions 604</p> <p>17.4 Cross-sections 606</p> <p>17.5 Nuclear Structure of Superheavy Elements 610</p> <p>17.6 Spectroscopy of Actinides and Transactinides 615</p> <p>17.7 Properties of the Actinides 618</p> <p>17.8 Chemical Properties of the Transactinides 629</p> <p>17.8.1 Prediction of Electron Configurations and the Architecture of the Periodic Table of the Elements 630</p> <p>17.8.2 Methods to Investigate the Chemistry of the Transactinides 632</p> <p>17.8.3 Selected Experimental Results 653</p> <p>References 668</p> <p>Further Reading 671</p> <p><b>18 Radionuclides in Geo- and Cosmochemistry </b><b>677</b></p> <p>18.1 Natural Abundances of the Elements and Isotope Variations 677</p> <p>18.2 General Aspects of Cosmochemistry 680</p> <p>18.3 Early Stages of the Universe 681</p> <p>18.4 Synthesis of the Elements in the Stars 683</p> <p>18.4.1 Evolution of Stars 684</p> <p>18.4.2 Evolution of the Earth 686</p> <p>18.4.3 Thermonuclear Reaction Rates 687</p> <p>18.4.4 Hydrogen Burning 688</p> <p>18.4.5 Helium Burning 690</p> <p>18.4.6 Synthesis of Nuclei with A < 60 690</p> <p>18.4.7 Synthesis of Nuclei with A > 60 691</p> <p>18.5 The Solar Neutrino Problem 696</p> <p>18.6 Interstellar Matter and Cosmic Radiation 704</p> <p>18.6.1 Interstellar Matter 704</p> <p>18.6.2 Cosmic Radiation 705</p> <p>18.6.3 Radionuclides from Cosmic Rays 706</p> <p>18.6.4 Cosmic-Ray Effects in Meteorites 706</p> <p>18.6.5 Abundance of Li, Be, and B 707</p> <p>References 708</p> <p>Further Reading 708</p> <p><b>19 Dating by Nuclear Methods </b><b>711</b></p> <p>19.1 General Aspect 711</p> <p>19.2 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 712</p> <p>19.3 Terrestrial Mother/Daughter Nuclide Pairs 717</p> <p>19.4 Natural Decay Series 720</p> <p>19.5 Ratios of Stable Isotopes 723</p> <p>19.6 Radioactive Disequilibria 724</p> <p>19.7 Fission Tracks 725</p> <p>References 726</p> <p>Further Reading 727</p> <p><b>20 Radioanalysis </b><b>729</b></p> <p>20.1 General Aspects 729</p> <p>20.2 Analysis on the Basis of Inherent Radioactivity 730</p> <p>20.3 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) 732</p> <p>20.4 Activation by Charged Particles 736</p> <p>20.5 Activation by Photons 738</p> <p>20.6 Special Features of Activation Analysis 739</p> <p>20.7 Isotope Dilution Analysis 741</p> <p>20.8 Radiometric Methods 743</p> <p>20.9 Other Analytical Applications of Radiotracers 745</p> <p>20.10 Absorption and Scattering of Radiation 745</p> <p>20.11 Radionuclides as Radiation Sources in X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XFA) 746</p> <p>20.12 Analysis with Ion Beams 748</p> <p>20.13 Radioisotope Mass Spectrometry 752</p> <p>20.13.1 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) 752</p> <p>20.13.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 757</p> <p>References 761</p> <p>Further Reading 763</p> <p><b>21 Radiotracers in Chemistry </b><b>765</b></p> <p>21.1 General Aspects 765</p> <p>21.2 Chemical Equilibria and Chemical Bonding 765</p> <p>21.3 Reaction Mechanisms in Homogeneous Systems 767</p> <p>21.4 Reaction Mechanisms in Heterogeneous Systems 772</p> <p>21.5 Diffusion and Transport Processes 776</p> <p>21.6 Emanation Techniques 778</p> <p>References 781</p> <p>Further Reading 781</p> <p><b>22 Radionuclides in the Life Sciences </b><b>783</b></p> <p>22.1 Survey 783</p> <p>22.2 Application in Ecological Studies 784</p> <p>22.3 Radioanalysis in the Life Sciences 784</p> <p>22.4 Application in Physiological and Metabolic Studies 786</p> <p>22.5 Radionuclides Used in Nuclear Medicine 787</p> <p>22.6 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) 789</p> <p>22.7 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 790</p> <p>22.8 Labeled Compounds 790</p> <p>References 797</p> <p>Further Reading 797</p> <p><b>23 Technical and Industrial Applications of Radionuclides and Nuclear Radiation </b><b>801</b></p> <p>23.1 Radiotracer Techniques 801</p> <p>23.2 Absorption and Scattering of Radiation 803</p> <p>23.3 Radiation-induced Reactions 805</p> <p>23.4 Energy Production by Nuclear Radiation 807</p> <p>Further Reading 810</p> <p><b>24 Radionuclides in the Geosphere and the Biosphere </b><b>813</b></p> <p>24.1 Sources of Radioactivity 813</p> <p>24.2 Mobility of Radionuclides in the Geosphere 816</p> <p>24.3 Reactions of Radionuclides with the Components of Natural Waters 818</p> <p>24.4 Interactions of Radionuclides with Solid Components of the Geosphere 823</p> <p>24.5 Radionuclides in the Biosphere 826</p> <p>24.6 Speciation Techniques with Relevance for Nuclear Safeguards, Verification, and Applications 832</p> <p>24.6.1 Redox Reactions, Hydrolysis, and Colloid Formation of Pu(IV) 837</p> <p>24.6.2 Investigation of the Homologs Th(IV) and Zr(IV) 842</p> <p>24.6.3 Time-resolved Laser-induced Fluorescence 850</p> <p>24.6.4 Conclusions 854</p> <p>References 854</p> <p>Further Reading 855</p> <p><b>25 Dosimetry and Radiation Protection </b><b>861</b></p> <p>25.1 Dosimetry 861</p> <p>25.2 External Radiation Sources 864</p> <p>25.3 Internal Radiation Sources 865</p> <p>25.4 Radiation Effects in Cell 867</p> <p>25.5 Radiation Effects in Humans, Animals, and Plants 868</p> <p>25.6 Non-occupational Radiation Exposure 872</p> <p>25.7 Safety Recommendations 872</p> <p>25.8 Safety Regulations 875</p> <p>25.9 Monitoring of the Environment 879</p> <p>References 880</p> <p>Further Reading 880</p> <p>Appendix 883</p> <p>Glossary 883</p> <p>Physical Constants 887</p> <p>Conversion Factors 889</p> <p>Relevant Journals 889</p> <p>Web References 890</p> <p>Index 891</p>
<p>“Nevertheless, the new edition is a valuable reference book for students too.”  (<i>Anal Bioanal Chem</i>, 3 May 2015)</p>
<b>Jens-Volker Kratz</b> is Professor of Nuclear Chemistry at Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. He also obtained his degrees in Chemistry at this University, followed by a postdoc at Berkeley with Glenn T. Seaborg. Before moving back to Mainz, he worked as a Group Leader between 1974 and 1982 at GSI in Darmstadt. He has served as a member and chair of a number of scientific committees and is editor of Radiochimica Acta. He has received numerous prices, including the Otto Hahn Award.
The third edition of this classic textbook in the field is completely updated and expanded to two volumes to include the latest developments. This handbook and ready reference comprehensively covers nuclear and radiochemistry in a well-structured and readily accessible manner, dealing with the theory and fundamentals in the first half, followed by chapters devoted to such specific topics as nuclear energy and reactors, radionuclides in geo- and cosmochemistry, radioanalysis, radiotracers in chemistry, and radionuclides in the life sciences. The result is a valuable resource for both newcomers as well as established scientists in the field.

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