Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Section I: Understanding the Nexus
1 The Need for the Nexus Approach
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. AVAILABILITY AND CONSUMPTION TRENDS OF THE NEXUS COMPONENTS
1.3. SECTORAL INTERACTIONS
1.4. THE NEED FOR THE WATER‐ENERGY‐FOOD (WEF) NEXUS
1.5. STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK
REFERENCES
2 Evolution of the Nexus as a Policy and Development Discourse
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. EMERGENCE OF THE NEXUS
2.3. SPREAD OF THE NEXUS
2.4. ACTORS IN THE WEF NEXUS ADVOCACY
2.5. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 The Nexus Contribution to Better Water Management and Its Limitations
3.1. INTRODUCTION: CAN THE NEXUS BE USEFUL?
3.2. IS THE NEXUS NEW?
3.3. HAS THE WEF NEXUS BEEN ADDRESSED BEFORE AS A MATTER OF POLICY?
3.4. IS THE WEF NEXUS SPECIAL? WHAT ABOUT OTHER USES?
3.5. THE NEXUS IN A CONTESTED CONTEXT: IWRM
3.6. POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND INSTITUTIONS: IWRM, VIRTUAL WATER, AND THE NEXUS
3.7. CONCLUSION: THE NEXUS AS A RETURN TO BETTER WATER MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
4 Dynamic, Cross‐Sectoral Analysis of the Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus: Investigating an Emerging Paradigm
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. FROM A WATER‐CENTRIC TO A TRULY INTEGRATED CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE NEXUS
4.3. ANALYZING THE NEXUS IN THE MRB
4.4. DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5 Urban Nexus: An Integrated Approach for the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. CONCEPT OF THE URBAN NEXUS
5.3. MANAGING OUR URBAN FUTURE: THE SDGS AND URBAN NEXUS
5.4. IMPLEMENTING THE URBAN NEXUS IN PRACTICE
5.5. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Section II: Operationalizing the Nexus
6 Modeling the Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus: A 7‐Question Guideline
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. HOW DO WE “MODEL THE NEXUS”? NO COOKBOOK METHOD: A 7Q GUIDELINE
6.3. MODELING THE WEF NEXUS
6.4. CASE STUDIES: ANALYZING WEF NEXUS TRADE‐OFFS
6.5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE POTENTIAL OF THE NEXUS MODELING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus: Selected Tools and Models in Practice
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. WATER‐ENERGY‐FOOD (WEF) NEXUS MANAGEMENT TOOLS
7.3. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WEF NEXUS TOOLS
7.4. THE WAY FORWARD
REFERENCES
8 Governing for the Nexus: Empirical, Theoretical, and Normative Dimensions
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. GOVERNING IN PRACTICE: A POLICY INSTRUMENTS PERSPECTIVE
8.3. THEORIZING NEXUS GOVERNANCE
8.4. FRAMING FUTURE GOVERNANCE
8.5. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 The Role of International Cooperation in Operationalizing the Nexus in Developing Countries: Emerging Lessons of the Nexus Observatory
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AND THE NEXUS APPROACH
9.3. CASE STUDY: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE NILE BASIN AND THE NEXUS APPROACH
9.4. EMERGING LESSONS OF THE NEXUS OBSERVATORY
9.5. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10 Water‐Energy‐Food Security Nexus in the Eastern Nile Basin: Assessing the Potential of Transboundary Regional Cooperation
10.1. INTRODUCTION
10.2. PROFILE OF THE NEXUS COMPONENTS IN EASTERN NILE BASIN COUNTRIES
10.3. WEF SECURITY CHALLENGES
10.4. BENEFIT‐SHARING POTENTIAL FOR TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION
10.5. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
11 Energy‐Centric Operationalizing of the Nexus in Rural Areas: Cases from South Asia
11.1. INTRODUCTION
11.2. SOLAR ENERGY FOR WATER AND LIVELIHOOD: A CASE OF BAUNSADIHA VILLAGE, ODISHA, INDIA
11.3. SOLAR WATER PUMP FOR IRRIGATION: A CASE OF RAJASTHAN STATE, INDIA
11.4. MICRO HYDRO SYSTEM FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION AND LIVELIHOOD: A CASE OF THINGAN, MAKWANPUR, NEPAL
11.5. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
WEBSITES
Section III: Nexus in Practice
12 The Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus from a South African Perspective
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. WEF NEXUS PERSPECTIVE IN EXISTING POLICY FRAMEWORKS
12.3. OVERVIEW OF WEF NEXUS COMPONENTS
12.4. WEF SECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA
12.5. OPERATIONALIZING THE WEF NEXUS: A CASE STUDY OF THE KAROO REGION IN CENTRAL SOUTH AFRICA
12.6. IMPLICATIONS OF WEF SECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA’S FUTURE
12.7. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
13 Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus: Examples from the USA
13.1. INTRODUCTION
13.2. THE NEXUS IN FOCUS
13.3. KNOWING THE NEXUS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
14 WEF Nexus Cases from California with Climate Change Implication
14.1. INTRODUCTION
14.2. NEXUS COMPONENTS WITH CLIMATE CHANGE IMPLICATION
14.3. WATER‐ENERGY NEXUS IN CALIFORNIA
14.4. INFORMATION GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
15 Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the West Asian Region
15.1. INTRODUCTION
15.2. PRESENT AND FUTURE SUPPLY AND DEMANDS: WATER, FOOD, AND ENERGY IN WEST ASIA
15.3. INTERACTION BETWEEN WATER, ENERGY, AND FOOD SECTORS
15.4. CHALLENGES FACING THE WATER, FOOD, AND ENERGY NEXUS
15.5. INVESTING IN A WATER‐FOOD‐ENERGY‐SECURE FUTURE IN WEST ASIA
15.6. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
16 Assessment of Water, Energy, and Carbon Footprints of Crop Production: A Case Study from Southeast Nepal
16.1. INTRODUCTION
16.2. STUDY AREA
16.3. METHODS AND DATA
16.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
16.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
17 The Food‐Water‐Energy Nexus in Modern Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh and Competing Discourses of Rice Research Institutions
17.1. INTRODUCTION
17.2. APPROACH
17.3. FINDINGS
17.4. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
18 Riverbank Filtration Technology at the Nexus of Water‐Energy‐Food
18.1. INTRODUCTION
18.2. ABOUT RIVERBANK FILTRATION (RBF) TECHNOLOGY
18.3. RBF AT THE WATER‐FOOD NEXUS
18.4. RBF AT THE WATER‐ENERGY NEXUS
18.5. RBF AT THE WATER‐ENERGY‐FOOD NEXUS
18.6. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Section IV: Future of the Nexus Agenda
19 Water‐Energy‐Food (WEF) Nexus and Sustainable Development
19.1. INTRODUCTION
19.2. SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
19.3. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
19.4. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)
19.5. NEXUS PERSPECTIVE ON SDGs
19.6. IMPLEMENTING THE NEXUS APPROACH: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
19.7. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT: ADDRESSING NEXUS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
19.8. CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 02
Table 2.1 Chronology of key nexus‐focused global events
Table 2.2 Nexus elements in key initiatives of international agencies
Chapter 04
Table 4.1 State of nexus core variable for Mekong region countries
Chapter 07
Table 7.1 Comparative analysis of selected WEF nexus tools/methodologies
Chapter 08
Table 8.1 Theoretical interpretations for nexus governance
Table 8.2 Features of nexus governance
Chapter 09
Table 9.1 Types of cooperation and opportunities for the operationalization of the nexus approach
Table 9.2 Nexus components shaping international cooperation
Table 9.3 Levels of engagement with key data sources [
Kurian and Meyer
, 2014]
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Sources of risk, cooperation opportunities, and constraints of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) for the downstream countries, Sudan and Egypt
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Energy and agriculture scenarios in Rajasthan before intervention of the solar‐powered water‐pumping program
Table 11.2 Impact of solar‐powered water‐pumping scheme
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Summary of key factors that affect current and future water, energy, and food security in South Africa
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Energy used to deliver water to various users in California
Table 13.2 Water requirements for food commodities
Table 13.3 Food wasted in the United States
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Electricity uses and related GHG emission in California water sector
Table 14.2 Summary of energy intensity range (kWh/MG) in California water cycle
Table 14.3 Water‐energy‐food nexus information gaps and research needs
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Economic Statistics of West Asia (2015)
Table 15.2 Urban and rural population in West Asia (2012–2015)
Table 15.3 Food self‐sufficiency ratio in selected West Asian countries (2005, 2011, and 2015)
Table 15.4 Production trends of major crops in West Asia in million tons (1961, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007)
Table 15.5 Shared surface water basins in West Asia
Table 15.6 Shared groundwater aquifer systems in West Asia
Table 15.7 Climate changes impacts on water, food, and energy nexus
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Cropping calendar of major crops in the study area
Table 16.2 Energy content of various farm inputs relevant to this study
Table 16.3 Established CO
2
emission factors of various farm inputs relevant to this study
Table 16.4 Energy resources used per hectare of cultivated land for different farm activities in Raniganj
Table 16.5 Indirect energy use (irrigation and fertilizer) for crop production in Raniganj
Table 16.6 Energy input per hectare of crop cultivation and associated carbon emission in Raniganj
Table 16.7 Water, energy and carbon footprints of crop production in Raniganj
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Type of water‐terrains in Bangladesh and desired rice seed qualities
Table 17.2 Area planted (or harvested) under modern rice varieties (MV) and as percentage of area of all rice, 1965–2010
Table 17.3 Approximate data on total rice production in Bangladesh over time and by area, production, and yield for Aus, Aman, and Boro rice
Table 17.4 Irrigated land by type of rice
Table 17.5 Irrigated area by type of method (in millions of acres)
Table 17.6 Total Consumption (000 t) of fertilizers (N, P, K) from chemical sources, and fertilizer per acre of rice, 1961–2010
Table 17.7 Output per acre of Aman and Boro Rice and profit margins
Table 17.8 Input ratios and cost per acre of Aman and Boro rice in 2000–2003
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Log removal of
Escherichia coli
, Enterococci, somatic coliphages, somatic salmonella phages, and F‐specific bacteriophages by riverbank filtration along the Zarqa River, Jordan
Table 18.2 Technical specifications for the photovoltaic panels installed at the RBF site along the Sal River field in Goa, India
Table 18.3 Estimation of drip irrigation water needs for common non‐tuber/root crops and vegetables grown in Goa
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 The eight millennium development goals (MDGs)
Table 19.2 Achievement of MDGs in selected targets
Table 19.3
Sustainable development goals [
UN
, 2015b]
Table 19.4 An integrated representation of links between the SDGs through targets
Table 19.5
Interlinkage of relevant goals and targets of WEF nexus in SDG framework of
UN
[2015b]
Table 19.6 Reciprocity among targets of selected goals
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 Interactions of the water‐energy‐food nexus.
Figure 1.2 Projected growth in energy consumption. Toe is ton equivalent. * includes biofuels.
Figure 1.3 Per capita food consumption (kcal/person/day).
Figure 1.4 World production and use of major agricultural products (million tons).
Figure 1.5 Life cycle water consumption for selected electricity generation technologies (gal/MWh).
Figure 1.6 Water withdrawal and consumption for primary fuel extraction, processing, and transportation.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 Illustration of interlinkages within and between sectors and environmental systems. LEAP, long‐range energy alternatives planning system and WEAP, water and evaluation and planning model.
Figure 2.2 The complex links between nexus components, driving forces, solutions, and outcomes.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 Global water demand: Baseline scenario, 2000 and 2050. Note: this figure only measures blue water demand and does not consider rainfed agriculture.
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 The water‐food‐energy nexus.
Figure 4.2 Systems diagram developed by connecting primary, secondary, and tertiary impacts of hydropower.
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 Conceptual framework of urban nexus.
Figure 5.2 Change in land use and land cover.
Figure 5.3 Case study of Shenzhen city.
Figure 5.4 Case study of Nashik city.
Figure 5.5 Case study of Da Nang city.
Chapter 06
Figure 6.1 7‐Question guideline for modeling nexus issues.
Figure 6.2 Water‐energy‐food nexus platform – Analytics and stakeholder dialogue.
Figure 6.3 Overall generic modeling approach.
Figure 6.4 Diagram demonstrating the water‐energy‐food nexus framework.
Figure 6.5 Resource requirement for a 2010 scenario (input data from the Qatar National Food Security Programme, QNFSP) and percentage change in the resource requirements as a result of a 10% increment in self‐sufficiency.
Figure 6.6 Estimation of the water, land, emissions, and cost implications of the assessed energy policy [
IRENA
2015].
Figure 6.7 Water‐energy‐food nexus based on water management in various hot spots.
Chapter 07
Figure 7.1 Components of FAO’s WEF nexus assessment approach [
FAO
, 2014].
Figure 7.2 Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus Tool 2.0 structure and the calculating sustainability index.
Figure 7.3 Conceptual model of the Foreseer Tool.
Figure 7.4 Estimation of the water, land, emissions, and cost implications of the assessed energy policy.
Figure 7.5 Use of policy inputs to estimate the water, land, emissions, and cost implications of the analyzed energy policies and to aggregate them into a context‐specific overall index.
Chapter 09
Figure 9.1 Chronology of selected international development trends.
Figure 9.2 Levels of governance.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Map of the Eastern Nile basin.
Figure 10.2 Electricity production in Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia.
Figure 10.3 Energy production sources in Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia.
Figure 10.4 Fuelwood production and forest area in Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia.
Figure 10.5 Key facts for WEF sectors in Sudan, Ethiopia, and Egypt.
Figure 10.6 Cooperation framework indicating the directions of resource trade as well as financial and technical cooperation on key issues among the Eastern Nile basin countries.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Location of the Mayurbhanj district in Odisha, India.
Figure 11.2 Solar‐powered system installed in Baunsadiha village.
Figure 11.3 Solar‐powered grinder used for sattu making.
Figure 11.4 Solar‐powered pump.
Figure 11.5 Location of the state of Rajasthan on the map of India.
Figure 11.6 District Makwanpur on the map of Nepal.
Figure 11.7 20 kWe micro hydro power plant in Thingnan village.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Locations of South Africa’s population centers, agricultural areas, mining resources, and other land use patterns.
Figure 12.2 Overview of South African climate zones, areas of high groundwater use, and main rivers.
Figure 12.3 Comparison of South Africa’s major sources of electricity.
Figure 12.4 Overview of land use patterns in the central Karoo region, energy resource exploration zones, and astronomy protection areas.
Figure 12.5 Overview of water resources and climate patterns in the central Karoo region.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 The water‐energy‐food nexus in the context of sustainability challenges.
Figure 13.2 Primary sources of water in California in acre‐feet per year.
Figure 13.3 United States and Texas electricity consumption, in percent, by sector for 2013.
Figure 13.4 United States and Texas electricity generation, in percent, by source for 2013.
Figure 13.5 Water consumption for thermoelectric power generation in Texas.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 California water systems in each hydrological region.
Figure 14.2 California urban and agricultural water uses and related energy intensities.
Figure 14.3 Energy use related to water in California water system.
Figure 14.4 Estimated regional energy intensity range for hydrological regions in California.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Location map for West Asia.
Figure 15.2 Total renewable water resources compared with renewable blue water resources.
Figure 15.3 Per capita share of renewable water resources in West Asia (1980–2050).
Figure 15.4 West Asia regional sectoral blue water withdrawals (2000 and 2012).
Figure 15.5 Global trend in food production (1960–2015).
Figure 15.6 Deficit between food import and export in West Asia (1961–2007).
Figure 15.7 Energy consumption in West Asian countries (2004–2014).
Figure 15.8 Features of current water, food, and energy nexus challenges in West Asia.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Location of Raniganj VDC in Sarlahi district, Nepal.
Figure 16.2 Methodological framework for the assessment of water supply, energy, and carbon footprints of crop production under deep tubewell scheme of Raniganj.
Figure 16.3 Proportion of energy used for different agricultural operations of rice, wheat, and maize production in Raniganj.
Figure 16.4 Web diagram, showing the comparative use of irrigation water, energy, and associated carbon emission to produce 1 ton of rice, maize, and wheat in Raniganj.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Schematic diagram of processes affecting water quality during bank filtration. The natural attenuation processes are strongly dependent on site‐specific hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical conditions.
Figure 18.2 (a) The Zarqa River study site in northern Jordan near the town of Jerash. (b) The layout of the RBF wellfield adjacent to the Zarqa River. “RBF” is the principal production well. Observation wells are numbered 2 through 5. Values below the well symbol mark the depth of the well in meters. .
Figure 18.3 The RBF study site is located along the Sal River near the town of Margao in southern Goa, India.
Figure 18.4 Fecal coliform bacteria concentration (MPN/100 ml) at four sampling points along the Sal River in Goa between April 2014 and March 2015. For reference, the monsoonal rains in this part of India typically occur from mid‐June through early September.
Figure 18.5 Daily amount of solar radiation (kWh/m
2
/day) at the field site along the Sal River, Goa (India).
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Participatory scenario planning process for WEF security nexus.
Figure 19.2 Capacity development: levels, activities, outputs, and goals. .
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