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Aeolian Geomorphology

A New Introduction
1. Aufl.

von: Ian Livingstone, Andrew Warren
61,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	28.02.2019
ISBN/EAN:	9781118945636
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	336

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Titelbeschreibung

A revised introduction to aeolian geomorphology written by noted experts in the field The new, revised and updated edition of Aeolian Geomorphology offers a concise and highly accessible introduction to the subject. The text covers the topics of deserts and coastlines, as well as periglacial and planetary landforms. The authors review the range of aeolian characteristics that include soil erosion and its consequences, continental scale dust storms, sand dunes and loess. Aeolian Geomorphology explores the importance of aeolian processes in the past, and the application of knowledge about aeolian geomorphology in environmental management. The new edition includes contributions from eighteen experts from four continents. All the chapters demonstrate huge advances in observation, measurement and mathematical modelling. For example, the chapter on sand seas shows the impact of greatly enhanced and accessible remote sensing and the chapter on active dunes clearly demonstrates the impact of improvements in field techniques. Other examples reveal the power of greatly improved laboratory techniques. This important text: <ul> <li>Offers a comprehensive review of aeolian geomorphology</li> <li>Contains contributions from an international panel of eighteen experts in the field</li> <li>Includes the results of the most recent research on the topic</li> <li>Filled with illustrative examples that demonstrate the advances in laboratory approaches</li> </ul> Written for students and professionals in the field, Aeolian Geomorphology provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic in twelve new chapters with contributions from noted experts in the field.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Global Frameworks for Aeolian Geomorphology 1 Andrew Warren 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Wind 1 1.2.1 Wind Systems with Daily Rhythm and Local Scale 1 1.2.1.1 Dust Devils 1 1.2.1.2 Haboobs 1 1.2.1.3 Low‐Level Jets 4 1.2.1.4 Sea Breezes 4 1.2.1.5 Hurricanes, Cyclones, Typhoons 5 1.2.1.6 Mountain Winds 7 1.2.2 Wind Systems with Annual Rhythms and Semi‐Global Scale 8 1.2.2.1 Westerlies 8 1.2.2.2 The Trade Winds 11 1.2.2.3 The Harmattan 12 1.2.2.4 Monsoons 12 1.2.3 The Calmer Globe 13 1.3 Rhythms of Erosivity and Erodibility from the Semi‑Decadal to Hundreds of Thousands of Years 13 1.3.1 Multiannual Rhythms 13 1.3.2 Century‐Scale Rhythms 13 1.3.3 Orbitally‐Forced Rhythms 13 1.4 Frameworks of Sedimentary Supply 16 1.4.1 Hard Rock 16 1.4.2 Sand (63–2000 μm) 16 1.4.2.1 The Fluvial Origins of Most Quartz Sand 18 1.4.3 Coarse Dust (10–63 μm) 18 1.4.4 Fine Dust (<10 μm) 18 1.5 Plate‐Tectonic Frameworks: A Glimpse 19 1.6 Conclusion 20 Acknowledgements 20 Note 20 Further Reading 20 References 20 2 Grains in Motion 27 Andreas C.W. Baas 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 The Nature of Wind 27 2.2.1 Turbulent Boundary Layers 27 2.2.2 Turbulence and Coherent Flow Structures 30 2.3 Transport Modes 31 2.4 Ripples 32 2.5 Initiation of Grain Motion 33 2.5.1 Thresholds 33 2.5.2 Grain Size Control and Dust Emission 35 2.5.3 Other Sedimentary Controls 36 2.6 Sand Transport: Steady‐State 36 2.6.1 Saltation Trajectories 36 2.6.2 The Vertical Profile 38 2.6.3 Modification of the Wind 39 2.6.4 Bulk Transport Models 40 2.7 Sand Transport: Natural Environments 44 2.7.1 Fetch and Saturation 45 2.7.2 Spatio‐Temporal Variability 46 2.7.3 Slope 47 2.7.4 Vegetation 48 2.7.5 Sand Roses 50 2.8 Conclusion 51 Further Reading 51 References 52 3 Wind Erosion 61 Jasper Knight 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 The Processes of Wind Abrasion 61 3.2.1 Environmental Controls on the Wind Transport of Particles 62 3.3 Ventifacts 63 3.3.1 Morphology 64 3.3.2 Wind Abrasion Microfeatures 65 3.3.3 Ventifact Evolution 67 3.4 Yardangs 68 3.4.1 Yardang Morphology and Evolution 69 3.5 Hamadas and Stone Pavements 71 3.6 Deflation Basins and Pans 72 3.7 Discussion 73 3.7.1 Wind Erosion and Boundary Layer Climates 73 3.7.2 Reconstructing Past Wind Patterns from Wind‐Eroded Features 74 3.8 Conclusions 74 Acknowledgements 75 Further Reading 75 References 75 4 Dust: Sources, Entrainment, Transport 81 Joanna Bullard and Matthew Baddock 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 What Is Dust? 82 4.3 Production and Entrainment 83 4.4 Sources 85 4.5 Dust Events and Weather Systems 93 4.6 Dust in Suspension 98 Further Reading 100 References 100 5 Loess 107 Helen M. Roberts 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Definitions of Loess and its Relationship to Dust 107 5.3 Distribution and Thickness of Loess Deposits 109 5.4 Loess Morphology 112 5.5 The Generation of Loess Sediments 114 5.5.1 The ‘Glacial’ Model 116 5.5.2 The ‘Desert’ Model 117 5.5.3 Seasonality and Continuity 118 5.6 Other Accumulations of Dust 119 5.6.1 Dust on the Ocean Floor 120 5.6.2 Ice Cores 120 5.7 The Palaeoclimatic and Palaeoenvironmental Records from Loess and Dust 121 5.8 Dating Loess and Dust Deposits 122 5.9 The Role of Dust in Climate Change 124 5.10 Cultural,Economic, and Environmental Significance of Loess and Dust 125 5.11 Conclusion 127 Further Reading 127 References 128 6 Desert Dunes: Form and Process 133 Giles Wiggs 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 The Classification of Dunes 134 6.2.1 Major Dune Types and Their Controls 135 6.3 Dune Dynamics 137 6.4 Dune Morphology 141 6.4.1 Barchan Dunes and Transverse Ridges 141 6.4.2 Linear Dunes 143 6.4.3 Star Dunes 145 6.5 Dune Orientation and Alignment 146 6.6 Dune Interactions and Equilibrium 148 6.6.1 Complex Systems Models 148 6.6.2 Analytical Models 150 6.7 Conclusion 151 Further Reading 151 References 151 7 Anchored Dunes 157 Patrick A. Hesp and Thomas A.G. Smyth 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Nebkhas and Nebkha Fields 157 7.2.1 Generalities 157 7.2.2 Evolutionary Trends 159 7.3 Shadow Dunes 159 7.4 Foredunes 160 7.5 Lunette or Clay Dunes 162 7.6 Blowouts 163 7.7 Parabolic Dunes 165 7.8 Coastal Transgressive Sand Sheets and Dunefields 166 7.8.1 Semi‐fixed (Stabilising) and Fixed (Stabilised) Desert Dunefields 166 7.9 Echo Dunes 168 7.10 Climbing,Clifftop, Falling, and Lee Dunes 170 7.11 The Influence of Topography on Wind Flow and Dune Orientation and Migration 172 7.12 Conclusion 172 Acknowledgements 172 Further Reading 172 References 172 8 Sand Seas 179 Paul Hesse 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 The Distribution of Sand Seas 180 8.3 Climatic Factors 181 8.3.1 Wind 181 8.3.2 Precipitation 182 8.4 Topography 186 8.5 Sorting Processes 189 8.6 Geological Factors 190 8.6.1 Lithology 190 8.6.2 Tectonic Setting 190 8.7 A Basin Model of Sand‐Sea Formation 192 8.8 Dune Patterns and Their Origins 195 8.8.1 Sediment Properties (Grain Size and Composition) 195 8.8.2 Climate Change and Changing Wind Regime 197 8.8.3 Sand Supply and Flow Paths 200 8.8.4 Climatic Gradients 200 8.9 Conclusion 200 Further Reading 204 References 204 9 Dune Sediments 209 Charles Bristow and Ian Livingstone 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Dune Sands: Mineralogy, Shape, Surface Textures, and Colour 210 9.2.1 Mineralogy 210 9.2.2 Shape 212 9.2.3 Surface Textures 213 9.2.4 Colour 214 9.3 Particle Size Characteristics 216 9.3.1 Particle Size Patterns 219 9.4 Dune Structure 220 9.4.1 Sedimentary Structures in Sand Dunes 220 9.4.2 Bounding Surfaces 223 9.4.3 Sedimentary Models for Dunes and Interdunes 227 9.5 Eolianites 230 9.6 Conclusion 231 Further Reading 231 References 231 10 Dune Palaeoenvironments 237 David S.G. Thomas 10.1 Introduction 237 10.2 A Date with Dunes 238 10.3 A Challenge: Inactive Versus Active Dunes 240 10.3.1 Vegetation 240 10.3.2 Interacting Environmental Controls 241 10.4 Complex Dune Development 245 10.4.1 Complex Dune Profile Records 246 10.5 Interpreting Dated Dune Records 247 10.6 A Schematic View of Interpreting Dune Palaeoenvironmental Records 249 10.6.1 Accumulation: A Better Way to Look at Dune Palaeoenvironmental Sequences? 250 10.7 Conclusion 254 Further Reading 254 References 254 11 Planetary Aeolian Geomorphology 261 Mary C. Bourke, Matthew Balme, Stephen Lewis, Ralph D. Lorenz, and Eric Parteli 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 Planetary Atmospheres 261 11.2.1 Mars 261 11.2.2 Titan 263 11.2.3 Venus 263 11.3 Planetary Sediment Transport (Mars, Titan, Venus) 263 11.3.1 Mars 264 11.3.2 Venus and Titan 266 11.4 From Sediment Transport to Aeolian Bedforms 266 11.4.1 Deriving Sediment Transport Characteristics from Planetary Bedform Characteristics 267 11.5 Planetary Aeolian Deposition Features: Dunes, Sand Seas, Sediment Source 269 11.5.1 Mars 269 11.5.2 Titan 270 11.5.3 Venus 272 11.6 Aeolian Dust 273 11.6.1 Dust in the Martian Atmosphere 273 11.6.2 Sources of Martian Dust 276 11.6.3 Landforms Associated with Aeolian Dust on Mars 276 11.7 Planetary Wind‐Eroded Landforms 278 11.7.1 Ventifacts 279 11.7.2 Yardangs 279 11.8 Conclusion 280 Further Reading 281 References 281 12 Application 287 Andrew Warren 12.1 Introduction 287 12.2 Wind Erosion and Dust Production from Agricultural and Grazing Land 287 12.2.1 The Dust Bowl 287 12.2.2 Field‐Scale Application of Aeolian Research After the Dust Bowl 290 12.2.3 Field‐Scale Research into Wind Erosion in the Sahel of West Africa 290 12.2.4 Application at Expanding Scales 291 12.2.4.1 More Types of Land Use 291 12.2.4.2 New Sources of Information 292 12.2.4.3 Larger Scales Bring New End‐Users 293 12.2.4.4 Modelling 293 12.3 Shelter,Wind Erosion, and Dust Production: A Possible Confusion of Scale? 296 12.3.1 The Plains Shelterbelt 297 12.4 Blown Sand in the Desert 297 12.4.1 Oasis Agriculture 297 12.4.1.1 Contemporary Sand Fences 298 12.5 Blown Sand on the Coast 299 12.5.1 Blown Sand and Recreation 299 12.5.2 Coastal Protection 300 12.6 Conclusion: Learning from Past Mistakes 300 Notes 302 Further Reading 302 References 303 Index 307

Autorenportrait

Ian Livingstone is Professor of Physical Geography and Head of the Graduate School, University of Northampton, UK. Andrew Warren is an Emeritus Professor of Geography at University College London, UK.

Back cover copy

A REVISED INTRODUCTION TO AEOLIAN GEOMORPHOLOGY WRITTEN BY NOTED EXPERTS IN THE FIELD The new, revised and updated edition of Aeolian Geomorphology offers a concise and highly accessible introduction to the subject. The text covers the topics of deserts and coastlines, as well as periglacial and planetary landforms. The authors review the range of aeolian characteristics that include soil erosion and its consequences, continental scale dust storms, sand dunes and loess. Aeolian Geomorphology explores the importance of aeolian processes in the past, and the application of knowledge about aeolian geomorphology in environmental management. The new edition includes contributions from eighteen experts from four continents. All the chapters demonstrate huge advances in observation, measurement and mathematical modelling. For example, the chapter on sand seas shows the impact of greatly enhanced and accessible remote sensing and the chapter on active dunes clearly demonstrates the impact of improvements in field techniques. Other examples reveal the power of greatly improved laboratory techniques. This important text: <ul> <li>Offers a comprehensive review of aeolian geomorphology</li> <li>Contains contributions from an international panel of eighteen experts in the field</li> <li>Includes the results of the most recent research on the topic</li> <li>Filled with illustrative examples that demonstrate the advances in laboratory approaches</li> </ul> Written for students and professionals in the field, Aeolian Geomorphology provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic in twelve new chapters with contributions from noted experts in the field.