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Introduction: Systematics, Evolution, and Classification.- Systematics as Problem-Solving.- The Archetype.- Ernst Haeckel and Systematische Phylogenie.- The German Development of Morphology: From Ernst Haeckel to Willi Hennig.- Pattern Cladistics.- Homologues and Homology.- Discovering Homologues.- Homology and Systematics.- Homology and Transformation.- Character Conflict.- The Analyses of Relationships.- Biogeographical Relationships, Evolution, and Classification.

<P>David M. Williams is a diatom researcher and Head of Global Biodiversity Group in the Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London.<BR>He has published over 150 scientific papers, including 6 books. Among his books he is a co-author of the standard text Cladistics: The Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis (1992) and co-editor on Models in Phylogeny Reconstruction (1994) and Milestones in Systematics (2004). He is interested in the history and theory of systematics and biogeography and the systmatics of diatoms.</P>
<P>Malte C. Ebach is the WP5 Scientific Coordinator for the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy at the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. His interests include the history and theory of comparative biology (systematics and biogeography), Goethe's way of Science and when he has the time, trilobite taxonomy.</P>

<P>This volume draws attention to the seminal studies and important<BR>advances that have shaped systematic and biogeographic thinking and<BR>continue to influence its direction today. It traces concepts in<BR>homology and classification from the 19th century to the present<BR>through the provision of a unique anthology of scientific writings<BR>from Goethe, Agassiz, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Owen, Naef, Zangerl and<BR>Nelson, among others. In addition, current attitudes and practices in<BR>comparative biology are interrogated, particularly in relation to<BR>evolutionary studies leading to a re-statement of the principal aims<BR>of the discipline. In order to alert prospective students to pitfalls<BR>common in systematics and biogeography, the book highlights three<BR>principal messages: biological classifications and their explanatory<BR>mechanisms are separate notions; most, if not all, homology concepts<BR>pre-date the works of Darwin; and that the foundation of all<BR>comparative biology is the concept of relationship - neither<BR>'similarity' nor 'genealogical hypotheses of descent' are sufficient. Foundations of Systematics and Biogeography is an ideal volume for students, academics, researchers and professionals in the fields of systematics, biogeography, evolutionary biology and palaeontology.</P>

<p>will explode some myths currently part of biology and reassert – and re-state – the principal aims of comparative biology, especially in relation to evolutionary studies</p><p>Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras</p>

<P>This volume draws attention to the seminal studies and important advances that have shaped systematic and biogeographic thinking and continue to influence its direction today. In doing so, the book will explode some myths currently part of biology. The book traces concepts in homology and classification from the 19th century to the present through the provision of a unique anthology of scientific writings. In addition, current attitudes and practices in comparative biology are interrogated. In order to alert prospective students to pitfalls common in systematics and biogeography, the book highlights three principal messages: biological classifications and their explanatory mechanisms are separate notions; most, if not all, homology concepts pre-date the works of Darwin; and that the foundation of all comparative biology is the concept of relationship – neither 'similarity' nor 'genealogical hypotheses of descent' are sufficient.</P>

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