Cover Page

Resources series

Gavin Bridge & Philippe Le Billon, Oil, 2nd edition

Anthony Burke, Uranium

Jennifer Clapp, Food, 2nd edition

Peter Dauvergne & Jane Lister, Timber

Elizabeth R. DeSombre & J. Samuel Barkin, Fish

David Lewis Feldman, Water

Gavin Fridell, Coffee

Derek Hall, Land

Andrew Herod, Labor

Kristy Leissle, Cocoa

Michael Nest, Coltan

Bronwyn Parry and Beth Greenhough, Bioinformation

Ben Richardson, Sugar

Ian Smillie, Diamonds

Adam Sneyd, Cotton

Bill Winders, Grains

Carbon

KATE ERVINE











For Sasha, Sebastian, and Gavin

Acknowledgements

Writing a book is never an independent endeavour and much is owed to those who have helped in the process. Many thanks to Amr El-Alfy and Janet Music for the excellent research assistance they provided, to two anonymous reviewers for their insightful feedback, and to Gavin Fridell for taking the time to read and comment on the manuscript. I am grateful to Louise Knight and Nekane Tanaka Galdos at Polity Press for their superb and patient editorial assistance, and to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and Saint Mary’s University for supporting various aspects of my research. I owe an immense debt to the many individuals who have graciously offered their time as participants in my research on emissions trading and global carbon markets and which has helped to shape, in so many ways, how I think about carbon. To those organizations and groups here in Nova Scotia that are working tirelessly on issues of carbon, climate change, and justice, including the Affordable Energy Coalition, the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, and the Ecology Action Centre, an immense thank you for refusing to accept business as usual, and for allowing me to join you in your work. On a more personal note, I am thankful for the friendship and scholarly support I have received from Claudia De Fuentes, Aldona Wiacek, and Lyuba Zhyznomirska; our collective writing strategies were instrumental in helping to get the job done. I remain deeply grateful to my parents, Bernadette and Harold, for their support and encouragement in all that I do, and to my sister Shawna for her friendship and for all the laughs. Most importantly, I want to thank Gavin for his unwavering support and encouragement every step of the way, and Sasha and Sebastian, for the love and joy they bring to life. As I watch them grow, I am constantly reminded of the intergenerational threat that is catastrophic climate change. It is for them and all those who deserve a better world that I write this book. Any omissions or errors are my responsibility alone.

Halifax, 2018

Abbreviations

AAU Assigned Amount Unit
AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States
AR afforestation and reforestation
BAU business as usual
BECCS bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
CAA Clean Air Act
CBDR-RC common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
CCS carbon capture and storage
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CDP Carbon Disclosure Project
CER Certified Emission Reduction
CH4 methane
CO2 carbon dioxide
COMFIT Community Feed-in Tariff Program
COP conference of the parties
CORSIA Carbon Offset Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
CPLC Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition
CSR corporate social responsibility
DAC direct air capture
EDF Environmental Defense Fund
EJ environmental justice
ENGO environmental non-governmental organization
EOR enhanced oil recovery
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERU Emissions Reduction Unit
ETS Emissions Trading System
EU European Union
EUA European Union Allowance
EU ETS European Union Emissions Trading System
EV electric vehicle
EW enhanced weathering
FIT Feed-in Tariff
GCC Global Climate Coalition
GHG greenhouse gas
GtCO2 gigatonne of carbon dioxide
GtCO2e gigatonne of carbon dioxide equivalent
GW gigawatt
GWP Global Warming Potential
HFC hydrofluorocarbon
IAM Integrated Assessment Model
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IEA International Energy Agency
IETA International Emissions Trading Association
IMF International Monetary Fund
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ITMO internationally transferred mitigation outcome
JI Joint Implementation
LDC least developed country
LNG liquefied natural gas
MRV measuring, reporting, and verification
N2O nitrous oxide
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NET negative emissions technology
NGO non-governmental organization
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ppm parts per million
REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
RGGI Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
SDM Sustainable Development Mechanism
SIDS Small Island Developing States
SO2 sulphur dioxide
SRM solar radiation management
tCO2e tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent
TNC The Nature Conservancy
TWh terawatt hour
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WCI Western Climate Initiative
WRI World Resources Institute
WWF World Wildlife Fund